BBC ta gano yadda Shell ke fitar da ɗanyen mai duk da shaidar gurɓata muhalli a Najeriya

Wasu takardu da BBC ta samu sun nuna cewa Kamfanin Mai na Shell na Birtaniya ya ci gaba da aikin haƙar mai a Najeriya tsawon shekaru duk da cewa kamfanin ya san cewa yana gurɓata muhalli.

Ya yi haka ne duk da gargaɗin da wani ma'aikacin kamfanin ya yi .

Bayanan da suka ƙunshi imel da jawabai sun nuna cewa wani babban jami'in Shell ya yi gargaɗin tun a 2008 game da haɗarin ci gaba da tura miliyoyin gangar ɗanyan mai ta ɗaya daga cikin manyan bututan kamfanin a Najeriya da ta kasance ƙasa mafi samar da ɗanyen mai a Afirka yayin da bututun ke cikin haɗarin hare-hare da samun matsala.

Tsawon shekaru da aka samu malalar mai, matsalar ta bar wani mummunan tabo a sassan yankin Neja Delta da ke Kudancin Najeriya inda har yanzu ake da wuraren da ke fama da tasirin malalar ta mai.

BBC ta samu takardun bayan da Shell ya bayyana su a matsayin wani ɓangare na shari'ar da ake yi a Birtaniya da al'umomin yankunan da malalar mai ta shafa suka shigar waɗanda kuma suke neman Shell ya ɗauki alhakin gurɓata muhalli da ya janyo sakamakon ɓulewar bututan mai sanadin sata da kuma tace mai ta haramtacciyar haya tsakanin 2011 da 2013 da suka yi illa ga lafiya da muhalli da kuma rayuwar jama'a.

Hanyar jigilar mai mai nisan kilomita 96.5 ta bi ta kusa da yankin Bille da ke kusa da ruwa wanda ya ƙunshi tsibirai 45.

Bututun, wanda Shell ya cefanar a shekarar da ta gabata, ɗaya ne daga cikin manyan kayayyaki masu tsada kuma mafi samun matsala a Najeriya. Yana iya ɗaukar ganga 150,000 na mai a kowace rana amma ya yi ta fama da matsalar malalar mai da hare-hare daga masu satar mai.

A takardun kotu, kamfanin na Shell ya ce galibin gurɓatar muhallin ta faru ne sakamakon "yawan sace-sacen mai da kuma maƙarƙashiya" da gomman haramtattun matatun mai sannan reshen kamfanin da ke Najeriya ya zuba kuɗi masu yawa tsawon shekaru don rage haɗarin malalar man.

A wurare kamar Bille da BBC ta ziyarta a makon da ya gabata, mazauna yankin sun bayyana yadda wani waje da a baya ake harkar kifaye ya tashi daga aiki saboda gurɓacewar muhalli.

"Kafin 2011, yankin nan waje ne mai kyau. Mutane na wasa a nan sannan su yi iyo cikin kogi," in ji wani masunci Balafama Augustus Bruce a hirarsa da BBC.

Ɗaya daga cikin masu ƙara kan Shell, Bruce ya ce kafin samun matsalar ta malalar mai, yana iya kamo kifaye daban-daban amma a yanzu abin ya ci tura saboda ko an kamo kifayen suna da wata tawaya a jikinsu.

"A baya muna kamun kifi a nan amma saboda matsalar da malalar mai ta janyo, babu wanda yake kamun kifi a wajen.

"Hakan ya jefa ni cikin talauci. Na kasance mai cin yau, ba ni da na gobe."

Yankunan da suka shigar da ƙara kan Shell na neman dala biliyan ɗaya ciki har da

A cewar Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya, tun 1958 lokacin da Shell ya tura tarin mai daga Najeriya, an samu malalar mai aƙalla ganga miliyan 13 na ɗanyen mai a wurare a ƙalla 7,000.

Masu fafutuka sun daɗe suna neman manyan kamfanonin mai su ɗauki alhakin ɓarnar da suka yi wa muhalli a can - ɗaya daga cikin masu suka Ken Saro-Wiwa ɗaya daga cikin fitattun marubutan Najeriya wanda gwamnatin soji a 1995 ta kashe bayan da ya jagoranci zanga-zanga kan gurɓatar muhalli a yanki Ogoniland na Neja Delta.

Satar mai matsala ce ta da ta daɗe a Neja Delta inda miyagun ƙungiyoyi ke faa bututai suna kwasar mai. Ana tace man a wasu ɓoyayyun wurare inda kuma ake sayar da ragowar ta ɓarauniyar hanya.

A tsakiyar shekarar 2000, satar mai gagarumar matsalar tsaro ce kasancewar mayaƙan Neja Delta ɗauke da makamai cikin jiragen ruwa sun kai hare-hare kan cibiyoyin mai tare da garkuwa da baki ma'aikata don kuɗin fansa har da wasu hare-hare da suka faru a 2007 da 2008, a wani ɓangare na buƙatunsu cewa ya kamata yankin ya fi samun tagomashi daga kuɗin shigar da ake samu daga mai.

Gargaɗin farko a 2008

Wani imel da aka tura wa ma'aikata daga Oktoban 2008 ya nuna akwai saɓani tsakanin manyan jami'an kamfanin game fa haɗari ci gaba da aikin tura mai ta bututan mai.

Markus Droll, wani babban jami'i a lokacin, ya bayyana damuwa game da matakin ci gaba da aiki a Nembe abin da ya saɓa da ƙa'idojin da aka samar.

"Idan har aka samu gagarumar fashewa a gobe... za mu iya tsintar kanmu a yanayin da za ta kai ga rufe aiki," kamar yadda ya rubuta.

Droll ya kuma ƙalubalanci ko an samar da isassun matakan kariya sannan ya nuna cewa mai yiwuwa wasu sassan bututun na da matsala: Ban yadda cewa rashin kuɗi zai iya zama matsala ba.

A martaninta, Ann Pickard, mataimakiyar shugaba a yanki a wannan lokacin ta soke shi saboda gazawa wajen sirra bayanan imel ɗin don kar a yi amfani da kalamansu a kotu.

"Ka tona mana asiri a saɓanin da kuka samu tsakaninku," in ji ta.

Pickard ta tabbatar cewa "mataki ne ba mai sauƙi ba" amma ta ce ci gaba da ayyuka na nufin za a samu raguwar haɗari ga mutane da kuma muhalli."

"Haka ne, wataƙila za mu fuskanci matsalar

"You have just exposed us significantly in your official disagreement as technical manager without legal privilege," she said.

Pickard acknowledged it "was not an easy decision" but argued continuing operations represented the "lower risk to both people and environment".

"You are right, we may have to deal with it in the future," she added.

Matsalar satar mai a 2012

Ɗaya daga cikin takardun da BBC takardar sirri ce daga 2012 - a lokacin da ake tsaka da matsalar malalar mai.

Takardar ta nuna cewa shugabannin Shell ta san cewa an saɓa ƙa'ida a yadda yake aiwatar da ayyukansa a wasu yankunan da satar mai ya fi ƙamari.

A cewar kamfain, yanayin na buƙatar ko dai a gaggauta rufe aiki ko kuma sauya tsarin aiki.

Sai dai takardun sun nuna cewa duk da damuwar da aka nuna, shugabannin sun ce rufe aiki gaba ɗaya zai janyo a samu wasu haramtattun hanyoyi.

Sai dai manyan jami'an sun bai wa reshen kamfanin da ke Najeriya izinin ci gaba da tura mao.

Shell ya faɗa wa BBC cewa an ɗauki matakin ne bisa dalilai da dama har da matsalar satar mai da haramtattun matatun mai a lokacin sannan ya yi aiki da hukumomin Najeriya da kuma al'umomin yankin don tsaftace wuraren da aka samu malalar mai.

Shugabannin al'umma a Bille sun yarda cewa ana satar mai a yankin amma suna ganin duk da haka ya kamata Shell ya ɗauki alhakin gurɓatar muhalli sanadin ayyukansa.

"Ba su damu da abin da zai faru da kai ba. Damuwarsu ita ce su ci gaba da yin riba," in ji Boma Renner Dappa, kakakin ƙungiyar dattawan Bille, inda yake bayanin yadda mutane suka mutu tare da janyo matsalolin lafiya da ba a san su ba.

"Duk abin da ya faru a nan, ya faru ne saboda sakaci," ya faɗa wa BBC.

2013 - yin bincike

Wasu jerin imel da aka tura daga Fabarairun 2013 sun nuna yadda shugabannin kamfanin suka bayar da shawarar a yi bincike kan yadda kamfanin ya tafiyar da batun satar mai da ingancin bututan kamfanin tsakanin 2009 da 2012.

Vincent Holtam, wanda a lokacin shi ne janar manaja a kamfanin Shell reshen Najeriya, ya tura imel yana gargaɗin abokan aikinsa cewa "yin hakan zai fi cutarwa a maimakon amfani".

Takardun da BBC ta samu ba su tabbatar ko daga baya an yi binciken ba.

2013 - Hanyoyin tsabtace malalar mai

A watan da ya biyo baya, takardu sun nuna cewa Shell ya ƙaddamar da wani muhimmin aiki mai matuƙar sirri, da aka yi wa lakabi da Project Madrid, domin tantance yadda za a magance kwararar mai a Najeriya.

Wani rahoto mai shafuka 36 da aka shirya domin manyan shugabanni ya kiyasta cewa akwai matatun mai da ba halastattu ba guda 100 da ke aiki a kusa da bututun mai, waɗanda ke haddasa gurɓata kusan hekta 9,000 (eka 22,000) na ruwa da kuma hekta 9,000 na ƙasa.

Har ila yau, rahoton ya bayyana cewa ƙungiyoyinsu na ci gaba da aikin tsaftace wuraren malalar mai guda 18 da aka ruwaito daga kimanin wuraren fasa bututu guda 60.

An gabatar wa manyan shugabanni zaɓi da ya haɗa da rufe aikin na ɗan lokaci domin gyara yayin da ake ci gaba da jure satar mai, har zuwa dakatar da samar da mai na tsawon shekaru domin magance matsalar gaba ɗaya.

Takardun ba su bayyana wane zaɓin shugabannin kamfanin Shell suka yanke shawarar ɗauka ba. Amma bututun man ya ci gaba da aiki bayan an yi wasu dakatarwa na wucin gadi domin gyare-gyare a shekarar 2013.

Wadannan takardu da aka zaɓa an gabatar da su ba tare da cikakken mahallin yanayin aiki a yankin Neja Delta a lokacin ba," in ji wani mai magana da yawun Shell.

"Idan aka duba su dabam, ba sa nuna ƙalubalen aiki a cikin yanayin da ake fama da ƙaruwar aikata laifuka."

Kamfanin ya kafa hujjar cewa ya ɗauki matakai masu muhimmanci don yaƙi da satar mai ba bisa ka'ida ba, amma mummunan yanayin tsaro a Najeriya ya sa ƙasar ta gagara hana ƙungiyoyin 'yan ta'adda kai hari kan kayayyakin more rayuwar ƙasar.

Muhimman shawarwari da 'aka yanke a London'

Kamfanin lauyoyi Leigh Day ya ce al'ummomin da yake wakilta a shari'ar Burtaniya "sun dade suna jaddada cewa Shell plc da ke Landan shi ne ke yanke manyan shawarwari da suka shafi reshensa na Najeriya, wadanda suka janyo lalacewar muhallinsu, kuma suna da niyyar ganin an dorawa kamfanin alhakin gurbatar mai da ke ci gaba da kawo musu illa har zuwa yau."

Kamfanin Shell ya shaida wa BBC cewa ya tattauna da tsoffin shugabanni uku da aka ambata a cikin takardun, kuma babu wani daga cikinsu da ya so ya yi martani kai tsaye. Kamfanin ya kuma ce wasu daga cikin al'ummar Bille na cikin waɗanda suka shiga satar ɗanyen mai.

BBC ta nemi gwamnatin Najeriya ta mayar da martani kan zargin Shell cewa hukumomi ba su da ikon shawo kan wannan tsari na aikata laifuka, amma har yanzu ba ta samu amsa ba.

Wani mai magana da yawun Shell ya ce, "Muna da cikakken imani da karfin hujjojin shari'armu, kuma za mu kare kanmu da karsashi a lokacin shari'ar shekara mai zuwa."

Amma mazauna Bille irin su Taminoibitein Philip na cewa Shell — duk da cewa kwanan nan ya sayar da bututun ga kamfanin Renaissance Africa Energy — har yanzu yana da alhaki, kasancewar ya amfana daga tara da sarrafa ɗanyen mai na tsawon shekaru.

Taminoibitein Philip mai kamun dodon koɗi ce, amma ta ce dodon koɗin—da ake matukar so a yankin Neja Delta—sun zama masu wuyar samu a yanzu a cikin fadamu.

"Idan ka je daji, ba za ka sake ganin ƙaguwa ba," in ji Taminoibitein, mai shekaru 49.

"Kuma warin (mai) yana kashe mu… wasu wurare — ɗanyen mai, wasu kuma — iskar gas.

"Ba ma cin gajiyar komai. Mu dai muna cikin wahala."

Tana ganin fata ɗaya tilo ga al'ummar su shi ne shari'ar ta tilasta wa Shell ya tsabtace hanyoyin ruwan: "Su zo su wanke mana kogin."