Zambia: Igihugu kivuga ko cubakiye ku bumwe bwa Afrika ariko gikomerewe n'ivangura ruhu

Zambia irakunze kuvuga ko yabaye kw'isonga mu rugamba rwo kwibohora kwa Afrika no kurwanya ubukoroni, ariko Abazambia babwiye BBC ko ivangura ruhu rikiri ikibazo gushika ubu, inyuma y'imyaka irenga 60 iki gihugu cikuyeko abakoloni b'Abongereza.

Nubwo ritaja ku mugaragaro kenshi, abanyagihugu bavuga ko ivangura rito rito ryibonekeza buri musi rituma biyumva nk'abenegihugu basuzuguritse mu gihugu cabo.

Bafatira ku kungene abirabure bamwe bamwe bashirwa ku ruhande mu buzi bumwe bumwe, bagasuzugurwa mu mazu y'uburiro, canke abafise amazu yo gukodesha bakabima amazu.

Ariko hari ikintu c'icizere kuva ku kuntu bamwe mu Banyazambia bishimira kubona ibiganiro ku kibazo c'ivangura bitanguye kuganirwako buhoro buhoro. Gusa reta ya Zambia yoyo ntiyemera ko ivangura ruhu ari ikibazo muri iki gihugu.

Alexander Bwalya, Umuzambia w'umwirabure yasavye ko izina ryiwe ry'ukuri ritovugwa, avuga ko abona ari "ikintu gitangaje cane" kubona abantu bashobora "kuba mu gihugu ca Afrika ariko bakavangura abirabure".

Avuga ku kungene yigeze kuja mw'iduka ricuruza imivinyu ari kumwe n'abagenzi ku mugwa mukuru Lusaka, aho bashaka kugura amacupa y'imivinyu azimvye cane. Ariko, abakozi b'aho bababwiye ko iyi mivinyu yari yaheze, nk'uko abivuga.

Bwalya avuga ati: "Haciye haza umuryango w'Abazungu bari bafitaniye ubugenzi bwinshi. Ni ho twaca tubona baguma babaha ya macupa nyene bari batubwiye ko yaheze.

"Tugize ngo turabaza nyene iduka, yatwishuye ati: 'Nimba mutishimiye ingene twabakiriye, mufise uburenganzira bwose bwo kuja ahandi'."

Hakurikiye impari zikomeye, muri uko guterana amajambo nyene, ni ho uno mwene iduka w'umuzungu yaca atuka mugenzi wa Bwalya w'umwirabure akoresheje amajambo y'ivangura ruhu.

Bwalya yabwiye BBC ko atigeze yitura igipolisi kuko yumva ko ata wari kugifata nk'ikibazo gikomeye.

Ibi biba mu gihe haheze imyaka irenga 60 Kenneth Kaunda, umwe mu bantu bakomeye cane mu rugamba rwo kurwanya ubukoroni muri Afrika, abaye umukuru w'igihugu wa mbere wa Zambia.

Imbere y'ukwikukira mu 1964, Abazambia b'Abirabure bategerezwa kwitwaza amakarata ndangamutu atabaha uburenganzira bwose bwo gutembera, mu gihe amashure n'amavuriro vyari bigabuye hakurikijwe ibara ry'urukoba, kandi akazi k'ubuhinga kandi gahemba neza mu bucukuzi bw'ubutare bw'umujumpu kari kagenewe abakozi b'abazungu gusa.

Igihe Kaunda yashika ku butegetsi, imwe mu ntego ziwe kwari uguha ubushobozi abirabure.

Yatanguje poritike yiswe "Zambianisation", aho abarongoye amahinguriro nyamukuru basubirijwe n'abirabure, kandi ashigikira imirwi yarwanira ukwikukira no guhagarika intwaro y'inkehwa z'abazungu bake mu bihugu bihana imbibe na Zambia.

Ubutumwa bwa Kaunda bwari busobanutse neza - Abanyafrika b'Abirabure ntibakwiye gusubira gukengerwa.

Mu kiganiro ciwe ca mbere n'abamenyeshamakuru amaze gushika ku butegetsi, yavuze ko igikorwa ca Zambia cari ico "kwubaka igihugu gishingiye ku kwubahana hagati y'abantu bose, amoko yose n'amadini yose".

Ariko mu 2019, icegeranyo cashikirijwe na komite y'ishirahamwe ONU ijejwe agateka ka zina muntu casanze ko "nk'uko bimeze mu bindi bihugu inyuma y'ubukoloni, Zambia yahuye n'ingorane mu kuzibira no gukuraho ubusumbasumbane bushingiye ku rukoba n'ikibano bwasizwe n'abakoloni".

Igihe intwaro ya gikoloni yari itsimbataye cane, Abazungu ntibarenga 2% vy'abanyagihugu bose.

Benshi muri bo baravuye mu gihugu kimaze kwikukira, ku buryo uno musi ata giharuro nyezina cerekana igitigiri c'Abazungu bari muri Zambia, ariko izindi nkehwa zirimwo Abahindi, Abashinwa n'Abarabu, bakaba bagize hafi 9% vy'abanyagihugu bose.

Nta makuru ubutegetsi bushira ahabona yerekeye ubusumbasumbane bushingiye ku rukoba muri Zambia, ariko inkuru n'impari kuri iki kibazo biragwiriye cane ku mbuga hwaniro.

Muri Nzero (1), umukozi akorera ishirahamwe ryo muri Zambia rishinzwe kurondera abakozi, Recruitment Matters, yasohoye itangazo ryarondera umuyobozi w'igisata kijejwe igurishwa n'ukwamamaza, yandika mu ndome nkuru ati: "AKA KAZI MURI KINO GIHE NTIKAGENEWE ABANYAZAMBIA; TURIKO TURARONDERA ABANYAMAHANGA BAKORERA CANKE BABA MURI ZAMBIA".

Iri tangazo ryarahanahanywe cane ku mbuga hwaniro, rikaba ryararakaje benshi, bumva ko ryari iryo kuvangura.

Omar Chanshi w'imyaka 37 akora mu kigo co kwamamaza, yabwiye BBC ati: "Hari amasezerano, uburyo n'ubuzi bwinshi twebwe nk'abenegihugu tudashobora gushikira.

Nta kwibaza ngo wokwerekana ko ubishoboye canke ngo wujuje ibisabwa kurusha abandi - ikiriho gusa ni uko ata burenganzira ufise".

Recruitment Matters yahavuye isaba imbabazi inyuma y'induru, ica iranafuta iri tangazo. iri shirahamwe ryaranemeye "impungenge" iri tangazo ryateje.

Yabwiye BBC iti: "Amajambo twakoresheje ntiyari ahuye n'ingingo ngenderwako zacu kandi ntivyerekana ko ari ko turondera abakozi.

"Recruitment Matters ifise poritike yo kurondera abakozi itavanguye, ishize imbere ubumenyi n'ubushobozi".

Victoria Phiri Chitungu, umuhinga mu vya kahise akaba n'umuyobozi w'Ikigo Ndangamurage ca Livingstone, avuga ko ubutumwa bw'umukuru w'igihugu wa mbere wa Zambia, Kenneth Kaunda, bw'uko ivangura ritari kwihanganirwa bushobora gusa kuba bwatumye ico kibazo kiguma mu rufuri, aho kugihagarika burundu.

Ati: "Ibimenyetso vy'ivangura bigaragara n'ukwemera ivangura ntivyari bicemewe, kandi abanyagihugu bari babizi."

Gusa ico gihe "abantu batanguye gufata ingendo iterekana ivangura ku mugaragaro. Ariko ivyo ntibisigura ko ryahavuye".

Chitungu na mugenziwe w'Umuzambia, Chanda Penda, na we nyene akaba ari umuhinga muri kahise, baremera ko n'aho Zambia ifise ibibazo bijanye n'ivangura ruhu, atari yo yonyene.

Bavuga ko babonye ivangura ruhu rirenze cane muri Afrika y'Epfo, igihugu kigifise ubusumbasumbane burenze urugero inyuma y'imyaka irenga 30 apartheid irangiye.

Malama Muleba, umuyobozi w'ivy'amazu aba i Lusaka, avuga ko muri rusangi ivangura atari "ikibazo gikomeye cane" muri Zambia, ariko akemera ko riboneka mu gisata akoreramwo.

Muleba yabwiye BBC ko iyo ba nyene amazu n'ababacungira amatungo bariko bihweza abapangayi, "iyo umuntu ari umwera, abantu barabiraba, bakabona ko ari umwizigirwa".

Yongerako ko mu gisata akoreramwo hari ivyiyumviro (stereotypes) vyinshi bijanye n'ayandi moko, rimwe na rimwe bishingiye ku bintu bibi ba nyene amazu n'abayajejwe baba barahuye na vyo muri kahise.

"Bavuga bati: 'Uyu azoshobora kwishura inzu, uyu ntazotugora'. Ku bwanje, birambabaza, ariko ni kwo kuri nyakwo".

Abazungu bari muri Zambia ni inkehwa - harimwo abanyamahanga n'abanyagihugu ba Zambia - kandi benshi baba mu bisagara nka Lusaka, Livingstone na Mkushi. Nk'uko Muleba abivuga, abazungu benshi baba i Lusaka bakorera amakompanyi manini manini mpuzamakungu.

Abanyazambia benshi baganiriye na BBC bavuze kw'isano riri hagati y'ubwoko n'ubutunzi, bakavuga ko kenshi abantu batari abirabure bafatwa nk'abafise amahera menshi, bigatuma bafatwa neza kurusha Abanyazambia b'abirabure.

Ijambo rimwe ryagarutse kenshi mu biganiro BBC yagiranye n'Abanyazambia - ku murongo.

Muleba agira ati: "Iyo ugiye kurondera serivisi zimwezimwe, usanga hari umurongo w'abantu — Abanyazambia b'abirabure, Abahindi, n'abazungu bake.

"Mu bihe bimwe, usanga umuzungu ari we aje ubwa mbere mu kwumvirizwa, ari ho abandi Banyazambia baca batangura kurabana bibaza bati: 'Ehe raba, turi hano kuva kare cane imbere y'uko uno muzungu ahagera!'"

Abantu benshi bavuga ko muri ivyo bibanza nko mu maduka, mu mabanki no mu mazu y'uburiro, kenshi usanga ari abakozi b'abirabure bakirana iteka ridasanzwe abakiriya batari abirabure.

Ariko uwundi Muzambia w'umwirabure yabwiye BBC ko ivyo bitama bisobanura ko ari ivangura.

Agira ati: "Hari aho bavuga ko mu bibanza bimwe bimwe kuba umuzungu, umuhindi canke gusa kuba ufise uruhu rwera bituma wakirwa ningoga, ariko kuvyita ko ari ivangura ni ukurenza urugero. Kugendera mu modoka nziza canke kuvuga ururimi neza na vyo bishobora gutuma wakirwa neza".

Umuvugizi wa Reta ya Zambia yarashitse kure, aho avuga ko ivangura "ritabaho na gato" muri ico gihugu.

Cornelius Mweeta agira ati: "Nzokwama ngwanya umuntu uwo ari we wese avuga ngo ivangura ni ikibazo muri Zambia. Nimba hari uwubivuga, nibaza ko boba bashaka gushikuza. Abanyagihugu bose babanye mu bumwe".

Umuhinga muri kahise Penda we yemeza ko ivangura muri Zambia rihari, ariko mu buryo butagaragara cane.

Avuga ko n'aho ico gihugu cubakiye ku marangamutima yo guha iteka umwirabure n'ubumwe bw'Abanyafrika, ubusumbasumbane bukibaho kuko kubona ko umuzungu ari hejuru vyashinze imizi kuva kera cane n'imbere y'uko Zambia ironka intahe y'ukwikukira.

Penda asigura ko kuva mu kinjana ca 17, amoko atandukanye yari afise umugani wavuga ku muntu w'amayobera yitwa Luchele, yavugwa ko yasa n'umuzungu, yafashije ba sokuru babo gushinga ubwami bwabo.

Igihe abakoloni n'abamisiyonari bashika mu mpera z'ikinjana ca 19, hari Abanyazambia batari bwigere babona umuzungu, baca babafata nka Luchele, bakabubaha nk'Imana.

Penda agira ati: "Ku bwanje, ntibitangaje kubona gushika n'ubu abazungu bagifatwa ko ari abantu bari hejuru. Ubu busumbasumbane hagati y'umuzungu n'umwirabure bwagiye buhanahanwa kuva muri kahise".

Adrian Scarlett, Umwongereza w'umuzungu yubakanye n'Umuyazambia w'umwiraburekazi, avuga ko n'aho amaze imyaka itatu aba muri Zambia, bikimugora gutahura uko ivangura ruhu rikibandanya mu gihugu kigizwe ahanini n'abirabure.

Scarlett aba i Livingstone, avuga ko "hari ahantu hamwe Abanyazambia batemerewe gushika, ahantu usanga akagwi gatoya k'abazungu bakoranira hamwe ku mugoroba canke mu karuhuko k'impera y'indwi".

Ku ritazirano rya Bye Bye Fatman, Scarlett yatanguye asohora amakuru ku mbuga hwaniro y'urugendo rwiwe rwo kugabanya ibiro.

Ubu, vyinshi mu vyo yandika bishikira abarenga 520.000 ku mbuyga za Facebook na TikTok, vyibanda cane ku busumbasumbane bushingiye kw'ivangura ruhu.

Uno mugabo w'imyaka 56 avuga ko incuti ziwe zimwe zimwe z'abazungu zamwigiye kure kubera ivyo yandika, ariko ko Abanyazambia b'abirabure bamwumva neza ari benshi cane.

Scarlett abona ko ibi biganiro yatanguje ari ngirakamaro. Eka na Bwalya yabwiye BBC ko Abanyazambia bakeneye cane "ibiganiro vy'ukuri kandi bitomoye" ku bijanye n'amoko ashingiye ku rukoba.

Avuga ko anezerewe kubona abantu batanguye kuvuga cane kuri ico kibazo, kandi akaba yizigiye ko ivyo biganiro bizovamwo kwisuzuma kwimbitse, bigasubiza ikibanza intego z'intwari yabo yarwaniye iteka ry'igihugu cabo, yănka akagaye n'akarenganyo, akipfuriza kazoza keza igihugu ciwe.