Uganda: Inguge ziri mu 'ntambara ikaze hagati yazo', ni ko abashakashatsi bavuga
Ahavuye isanamu, Aaron Sandel via Reuters
- Umwanditsi, Hafsa Khalil
- Igihe co gusoma: iminota 4
Itsinda rya mbere rinini cyane ku isi rizwi ry'inguge zo mu gasozi, ryacitsemo ibice ndetse rimaze imyaka umunani riri mu "ntambara ikaze hagati yazo", nkuko abashakashatsi babivuga.
Ntibisobanutse neza impamvu uyu muryango w'inguge wa Ngogo wahoze ubana neza muri Parike y'Igihugu ya Uganda yitwa 'Kibale National Park' ubu rwabuze gica hagati yazo, ariko guhera mu mwaka wa 2018 abahanga muri siyansi bavuga ko babaruye inguge 24 zishwe, zirimo n'impinja 17.
Aaron Sandel, wayoboye ubwo bushakashatsi, yagize ati: "Izi zari inguge zafatanaga mu biganza."
"None ubu zirimo kugerageza kwicana."
Ubwo bushakashatsi, bwatangajwe mu kinyamakuru cy'ubushakashatsi buba bwabanje kugenzurwa n'abandi bahanga bo muri urwo rwego cyitwa Science, buvuga ko ubukana bw'urwo rugomo n'igihe rumaze bishobora gutanga amakuru ku kuntu intambara mu bantu babayeho mbere yadutse.
Sandel, inzobere mu mateka y'imibereho ya muntu n'uko yagiye ahindagurika (anthropology) wigisha kuri Kaminuza ya Texas muri Amerika, umwe mu bayoboye uwo mushinga w'ubushakashatsi ku muryango wa Ngogo, avuga ko inguge "zirinda ubutaka bwazo cyane", ndetse ko "zigirana amakimbirane n'izo mu yandi matsinda".
Yabwiye ikiganiro 'Science podcast' ati: "[Ni] Nk'ubwoba bw'abo zitazi."
Ariko mu myaka ibarirwa muri za mirongo ishize, Sandel yavuze ko inguge hafi 200 zo mu muryango wa Ngogo zabanaga neza.
Zari zigabanyije mu matsinda abiri – abo bashakashatsi bazi nk'itsinda ry'Uburengerazuba n'iryo Hagati – ariko muri rusange zabagaho nk'itsinda ryunze ubumwe.
Sandel yavuze ko muri Kamena (6) mu mwaka wa 2015, ari bwo bwa mbere yabonye ubushyamirane bukomeye hagati yazo, ubwo inguge z'Uburengerazuba zahungaga zikirukankanwa n'itsinda ryo Hagati.
Yagize ati: "Inguge zimeze nk'izikabiriza ibintu cyane." Yasobanuye ko nyuma yo kugirana impaka, biba ari ibintu bisanzwe ko mu nguge habaho "kuboroga no kwirukankana", nuko nyuma yaho hakabaho kwitanaho no gufatanya.
Ariko nyuma y'ubushyamirane bwo mu mwaka wa 2015, abashakashatsi babonye ko habayeho igihe cy'ibyumweru bitandatu cyo kwirinda kwegerana hagati y'ayo matsinda yombi, nuko kuganira birushaho kugenda biba bicye cyane.
Ubwo kuganira no gushyikirana byongeraga kubaho, Sandel yavuze ko byari "birimo ubushyamirane gacye kurushaho, birimo ubushotoranyi [amahane] gacye kurushaho".
Nyuma y'ivuka ry'ayo matsinda abiri atandukanye mu mwaka wa 2018, inguge zo mu itsinda ry'Uburengerazuba zatangiye gutera inguge zo mu itsinda ryo Hagati.
Mu bitero 24 byabayeho kuva habaye uko gucikamo ibice, inguge nkuru z'ingabo nibura zirindwi n'impinja 17 zo mu itsinda ryo Hagati zarishwe, nkuko ubwo bushakashatsi bwabitahuye, nubwo abashakashatsi bemera ko umubare nyawo w'impfu ari munini cyane kurushaho.
Abashakashatsi bemera ko ibintu byinshi birimo nk'ingano y'ayo matsinda hamwe no guhatanira umutungo kwakurikiyeho, n'"ihatana hagati inguge z'ingabo" rijyanye no kubyara, bishobora kuba ari byo byabiteye.
Ariko bavuga ko hari ibintu bitatu bishobora kuba ari byo byabaye imbarutso:
- Icya mbere, ni impfu z'inguge eshanu nkuru z'ingabo hamwe n'inguge nkuru imwe y'ingore – ku mpamvu zitazwi – zabaye mu mwaka wa 2014, zishobora kuba zarahungabanyije umubano ndetse zikagabanya ubusabane hagati y'amatsinda yombi
- Mu mwaka wakurikiyeho, habayeho impinduka y'inguge y'ingabo ikomeye cyane mu muryango, ubu bushakashatsi buvuga ko iyo mpinduka yahuriranye n'igihe cya mbere cyo gutandukana hagati y'itsinda ry'Uburengerazuba n'iryo Hagati. Ubu bushakashatsi busobanura ko "Impinduka mu rwego rw'ubutegetsi zishobora kongera ubushotoranyi no kwitazanya mu nguge".
- Ikintu cya gatatu, ni impfu z'inguge 25, zirimo inguge z'ingabo nkuru enye n'inguge 10 z'ingore nkuru, zatewe n'ikiza cyo mu myanya y'ubuhumekero, mu mwaka wa 2017, icyo gihe haburaga umwaka umwe ngo habeho gutandukana kwa nyuma. Imwe mu nguge nkuru z'ingabo zapfuye yari "mu za nyuma zahuzaga ayo matsinda", nkuko ubwo bushakashatsi bubivuga.
Sandel na bagenzi be bafatanyije muri ubwo bushakashatsi bavuga ko ibyo bagezeho bishishikariza abantu kongera gutekereza ku byo bazi ku makimbirane y'abantu no ku ntambara mu bantu.
Mu bushakashatsi bwabo baranditse bati: "Ku bijyanye n'itandukana rya Ngogo [ry'umuryango wa Ngogo], abantu [inguge] babanaga, bagasangira, bakitanaho ndetse bagakorana irondo mu gihe cy'imyaka bahindutse abagabweho ibitero byica hashingiwe ku itsinda rishya bagiyemo."
Abo bashakashatsi bongeyeho ko niba inguge – bumwe mu moko y'inyamaswa bufitanye isano ya hafi cyane n'abantu – zishobora gukora ibyo nta bindi bintu zishingiyeho byashyizweho n'abantu nk'amadini, amoko n'imyemerere ya politike, ubwo "imiterere y'imibanire ishobora kugira uruhare runini cyane mu ntambara z'abantu kurusha uko abantu bakunze kubitekereza".
James Brooks, umushakashatsi mu kigo cy'Ubudage cy'ubushakashatsi ku nguge (German Primate Center), yavuze ko ubu bushakashatsi "bwibutsa ibyago amacakubiri mu matsinda ashobora guteza ku miryango migari [sosiyete] y'abantu".
Mu kuvuga kuri ubwo bushakashatsi mu kinyamakuru Science, yanditse ati: "Abantu bagomba kwiga binyuze ku kwiga imyitwarire y'amatsinda y'izindi nyamaswa, haba mu ntambara no mu mahoro, ari na ko bazirikana ko amateka yabo y'imihindagurikire [evolution] atagena ejo hazaza habo."
